[Gender] Report on UN General Assembly Climate Change Discussion July 31-August 2

[Paula Zuñiga]

Dear Gender List,

 

Below I am copying the report on the UN General Asembly Climate Change
Discusión held from July 31 to August 2. 

 

One speaker mentioned the vulnerability of women in poor communities:

"Sunita Narain, Centre for Science and Environment, India, stressed that the
poor are the most vulnerable to climate change. She noted the gender 
dimension to the problem and the particular vulnerability of women in poor
communities. She emphasized climate change as a development issue and said
adaptation was both inevitable and costly. She also noted that no country
has effectively de-linked its economic growth from its emissions growth, and
urged a future multilateral regime based on fairness and justice."

 

I am also copying the rest of the discussion fyi.

 

Best Regards,

 

Paula Zúñiga Díaz



----- Original Message ----- 
From: Langston James Goree VI
To: Climate Change Info Mailing List
Sent: Friday, August 03, 2007 1:48 AM
Subject: UNGA Climate Change Debate Briefing Note

Earth Negotiations Bulletin

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A Reporting Service for Environment and Development 
Negotiations

SUMMARY OF THE INFORMAL THEMATIC DEBATE OF THE UN GENERAL 
ASSEMBLY ON  CLIMATE CHANGE AS A GLOBAL CHALLENGE

UN Headquarters, New York
 31 July - 2 August 2007

Written by Chris Spence
Edited by Pamela Chasek
Earth Negotiations Bulletin
International Institute for Sustainable Development

The informal thematic debate of the General Assembly on the 
subject of "Climate change as a global challenge" was held from 31 July to 2

August 2007, in the Trusteeship Council Chamber at UN headquarters in New 
York. On 31 July, two panel discussions were held involving experts and 
representatives of intergovernmental organizations and academic 
institutions. In the morning, the panel session addressed "The science, the 
impact and the adaptation imperative." The afternoon panel focused on 
mitigation strategies in the context of sustainable development.

>From 1-2 August, member states engaged in a general discussion 
and delivered statements about their national strategies and about 
international commitments to address climate change.

OPENING OF THE MEETING

The event was opened by UN General Assembly President Sheikha 
Haya Rashed Al Khalifa (Bahrain) on Tuesday, 31 July. She explained that she

had convened this meeting following a request from the European Union and 
the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) New York Committee. She 
highlighted the relevance of climate change in the context of the Millennium

Development Goals (MDGs) and the importance of developing a framework for 
tackling climate change after 2012, when the Kyoto Protocol's first 
commitment period ends. She also noted the need for national strategies, the

value of carbon markets and the opportunity to build a global consensus on 
climate change.

UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said climate change is finally 
receiving the highest attention, which it merits. Noting that the science is

clear and that serious impacts are already being felt, he said the time has 
come for action on a global scale. He urged new thinking and said a 
comprehensive agreement under the UNFCCC for the post-2012 period was needed

by 2009. He announced a high-level General Assembly meeting on climate 
change on 24 September 2007. He noted his appointment of three special 
climate change envoys and his discussions on this topic with world leaders, 
local government representatives, civil society and the private sector. He 
said the UN aims to become a climate neutral organization.

PANEL I: CLIMATE CHANGE: THE SCIENCE, THE IMPACT AND THE 
ADAPTATION IMPERATIVE

The first panel, which was moderated by UNDP Administrator Kemal 
Dervis, focused on climate change science, impacts and the "adaptation 
imperative."

John Holdren, Harvard University, provided an overview of 
climate change science, observing that the significant impact of climate 
change resulting from human activity is a "known fact" and that the serious 
effects on humanity that will increase over time.

Sir Nicholas Stern, London School of Economics, focused on the 
economic consequences of climate change. He indicated that a "do nothing" 
approach would ultimately result in the loss of five percent of global 
economic income, whereas "strong and timely action now" could reduce the 
costs of climate change to about one percent of global income. Stating that 
the goal should be to keep the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to

450-550 parts per million (ppm), he suggested that it would be wise to try 
to stay within the lower end of that range. To achieve this, he said 50 
percent reductions in global emissions are needed by 2050.

Herve le Treut, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Centre 
National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS, outlined the development of 
climate science and modeling, as well as various scenarios for future 
climate change.

Kenrick R. Leslie, Caribbean Community Climate Change Center, 
reflected on challenges facing his region, including the impacts of 
temperature and sea-level rise, and of extreme weather events such as 
hurricanes.

Sunita Narain, Centre for Science and Environment, India, 
stressed that the poor are the most vulnerable to climate change. She noted 
the gender dimension to the problem and the particular vulnerability of 
women in poor communities. She emphasized climate change as a development 
issue and said adaptation was both inevitable and costly. She also noted 
that no country has effectively de-linked its economic growth from its 
emissions growth, and urged a future multilateral regime based on fairness 
and justice.

Responding to these presentations, Neroni Slade (Samoa) led the 
discussions, noting the particular vulnerability of small island states. A 
number of speakers stressed the need for fairness and justice in how climate

change is addressed by the global community, recognizing the principle of 
common but differentiated responsibilities.

Maldives underscored latest findings of the Intergovernmental 
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), suggesting that "we have not yet invented a 
politics to go along with the climate science." The International Strategy 
for Disaster Risk Reduction (ISDR) noted that more people are threatened now

from extreme events than ever before.

Brazil stressed issues of fairness, equity and the principle of 
common but differentiated responsibilities. He noted that reductions from 
Annex I parties for the first commitment period are not sufficient, and 
anticipated stronger commitments for the second commitment period. He added 
that Brazil is ready to increase its participation in ensuring a truly 
global effort.

WWF urged that negotiations be started in Bali and concluded in 
2009. He noted that Annex I parties cannot solve the problem alone, and 
urged the development of new mechanisms to address the problem.

The Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) said climate change 
and development must be addressed together rather than separately. The Food 
and Agriculture Organization and World Meteorological Organization outlined 
their respective work on climate change.

Responding to a question from Iran about the role of natural 
climate cycles in causing climate change, John Holdren stressed that natural

variations do not explain the observed changes.

Regarding next steps, Nicholas Stern outlined several elements 
he said would be required for a global deal on climate change. He suggested 
that the target of a 75 percent reduction by 2050 on the part of developed 
countries would be required, along with an intermediate target of a 20-30% 
reduction by 2020. With regards to mitigation, he said it would be necessary

to move beyond the Kyoto Protocol's existing Clean Development Mechanism 
(CDM), which cannot provide emissions reductions at the scale needed. He 
supported bringing deforestation into a future mechanism. He also urged more

research and resources for adaptation and political leadership to secure an 
agreement.

Sunita Narain said developed countries need to accept their 
responsibility for climate change, stressed the right of developing 
countries to economic growth and development, and said the South should not 
be expected to take on targets. John Holdren said the North must begin to 
cut emissions immediately, while the South's emissions would need to start 
declining by 2020-2025.

PANEL II: MITIGATION STRATEGIES IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE 
DEVELOPMENT

On Tuesday afternoon, a panel session was held on mitigation 
strategies in the context of sustainable development.The discussion was 
moderated by Mohamed El-Ashry, UN Foundation. He identified various elements

that should be considered in developing a post-2012 framework, including: 
differentiated targets and timetables that reflect issues of equity and 
fairness, forests and carbon sinks, market-based mechanisms, adaptation 
financing mechanisms, technology development and transfer, and financing.

Robert Socolow, Princeton University, reported on research 
confirming the significant and ongoing increase in fossil fuel extraction 
and greenhouse gas emissions over time. He outlined a variety of policies 
that could act as "wedges" to reduce current emissions growth. Noting that 
both North and South would have to take action, he said neither would have a

"free pass" to continue business as usual, but the North would have to cut 
emissions considerably by 2050 (by about 75%). He suggested a focus on the 
wealthy one-fifth of the world's population who are responsible for high per

capita emissions regardless of what country they live in.

Anthony Olusegun Adegbulugbe, Obafemi Awolowo University, 
Nigeria, noted developing countries' tendency to downplay climate change 
compared with development concerns, while noting a growing recognition of 
their vulnerability to climate change. He highlighted synergies between 
climate mitigation strategies and development policies in areas such as 
energy efficiency, fuel substitution, renewables, afforestation, and land 
and waste management.

Bjorn Stigson, World Business Council for Sustainable 
Development, noted the private sector's major role in investing in future 
infrastructure and as a key stakeholder in combating climate change. He said

business needs a sound policy and regulatory environment and clear carbon 
price signals. He stressed the need for increased public-private sector 
cooperation, stating that the private sector is not yet seen as an equal 
partner in the UNFCCC process.

Abdalla Salem El-Badri, OPEC, underscored the principle of 
common but differentiated responsibilities and urged access to modern energy

to meet the MDGs. He welcomed diversification in the energy mix, while 
noting that fossil fuels are expected to meet most of the growth in demand 
expected through to 2030, and the potential of carbon capture and storage in

this regard.

Michael Liebreich, New Energy Finance, discussed the potential 
role of clean energy in mitigating climate change, noting the recent growth 
of investment in renewables in the US and Asia, the value of carbon funds, 
the need to scale up the CDM or a successor mechanism, and the need to 
transfer technology and skills.

Yvo de Boer, UNFCCC Executive Secretary, noted that the Kyoto 
Protocol is not sufficient to deliver the emissions reductions needed to 
tackle climate change, and considered what the ground rules might be for a 
negotiation on a post-2012 framework to be launched in Bali, and what a 
future agreement might include. He said parties need to feel that their 
concerns are being taken into account, noting that industrialized countries 
want an ambitious, cost-effective approach that does not impact 
competitiveness and enhances the engagement of developing countries, while 
developing countries are focused on poverty eradication and economic growth.

He then proposed that the post-2012 framework should not include "hard" 
targets for developing countries, but instead provide incentives to limit 
emissions growth, support clean energy, and address concerns about 
competitiveness and economic growth. He drew attention to a sectoral or 
policy-based approach as one avenue for further exploration. He stressed the

role of the private sector, market-based mechanisms and equity. Finally, he 
expressed optimism for future talks, given recent agreements within the G8 
and EU and the efforts of such countries as China, India and Brazil.

In the ensuing discussion, Masayuki Sasanouchi, Environmental 
Affairs, Toyota, stressed the importance of technology innovation, 
development and commercialization. Paul Bledsoe, US National Commission on 
Energy Policy, recommended mandatory targets for the US, higher automotive 
fuel standards, and energy efficiency goals across all sectors. He suggested

that once the US has adopted strong emissions targets, developing countries 
could eventually take on goals, adding that major developing countries are 
already taking serious action.

Several speakers stressed the role of the private sector, with 
one referring to the need for straightforward regulation, predictability and

transparency. China emphasized its efforts to combat climate change, noting 
that it was wrong to assume that China was not doing anything simply because

it does not have targets under the Kyoto Protocol, and that the challenges 
for developing countries to continue to grow economically while addressing 
environmental issues are unprecedented. Robert Socolow questioned whether 
the UNFCCC separation of countries into groups such as "Annex I" was still 
useful, since "we are all citizens of a world in danger."

CONCLUDING ADDRESS: Following the second panel discussion, 
participants heard a concluding address by Jeffrey Sachs, Earth Institute, 
Columbia University. Sachs said there was both good and bad news relating to

the climate change dilemma. On the positive side, he said the costs of 
solving the problem were actually much less than had been originally feared:

probably less than one percent of global income. However, he feared that 
even forging an agreement between countries to spend fractions of one 
percent of their income would not be easy.

He suggested a focus on a few key sectors, namely energy, 
transportation and deforestation. On deforestation, he said addressing this 
would provide a low-cost, large-scale, pro-poor solution. Regarding energy, 
he said an ongoing reliance on fossil fuels was inevitable, and urged 
demonstration projects to establish carbon capture and storage as a viable 
technology. He also supported scaling-up renewable energy sources and hybrid

vehicles.

He argued that a carbon tax would be much easier to regulate and 
monitor than a carbon market, supported a subsidy on sequestration, and said

developed countries should have to bear most of the costs, although these 
would not be onerous. He expressed optimism that negotiations in Bali would 
be successful and said that once countries study the financial costs they 
will realize that it is affordable and far cheaper than the costs of 
inaction. He suggested that both North and South should be committed to 
action and that a voluntary approach would not be required because 
industrialized countries could easily support the South.

GENERAL DISCUSSION

On 1 and 2 August, member states engaged in a general discussion 
and delivered statements about their national strategies and international 
commitments to address climate change.

The discussion began with a briefing from two of the three 
Special Envoys on Climate Change appointed by the UN Secretary-General in 
May 2007: Ricardo Lagos and Han Seung-soo (the third Envoy, Gro Harlem 
Brundtland, was unable to attend).

Ricardo Lagos, former President of Chile, urged a political 
decision on a post-2012 regime involving all countries, asking whether it 
was possible to envisage a third category of countries that are neither rich

nor poor but have a medium-level per capita income. He expressed optimism 
that an agreement was possible and said negotiators at the Bali conference 
in December 2007 should establish a clear and defined timetable to finalize 
a deal by 2009.

Han Seung-soo, former President of the General Assembly and 
Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Korea, reflected on his discussions

with world leaders in his new role as Special Envoy. He explained that the 
high-level General Assembly event on 24 September would not be a 
negotiation, since the UNFCCC is the forum for such talks. However, the 
September meeting did present an opportunity to send a political signal to 
negotiators at the Bali conference.

Sha Zukang, UN Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social 
Affairs, noted the many relevant policies and actions identified during the 
past two sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development. He also 
emphasized the importance of partnerships, access to clean technology, 
South-South cooperation, and integrating climate change within the broader 
development agenda.

STATEMENTS BY MEMBER STATES: National actions to address climate 
change were reported by many countries, including Albania, Argentina, 
Australia, Barbados, Bahrain, Belarus, Canada, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, 
Croatia, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Indonesia,

Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Lebanon, Libya, Liechtenstein, Malawi, 
Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, 
Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Palau, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Republic of Korea, 
Senegal, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sudan, Syria, Thailand, Tunisia,

Turkey, Uruguay and Zimbabwe).

As well, many speakers outlined their views on the multilateral 
negotiations designed to reach an agreement for the post-2012 period, when 
the Kyoto Protocol's first commitment period ends. A number of speakers said

the high-level event on 24 September 2007 called by the UN Secretary-General

should provide political momentum for an agreement at the Bali conference in

December 2007 on a "roadmap" for completing post-2012 negotiations by 2009. 
The urgency of the climate change problem and the importance of equity, 
fairness and the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities in 
developing a future agreement were also underscored by many speakers. A 
number of member states also affirmed the UNFCCC as the appropriate forum 
for negotiations.

Pakistan, speaking on behalf of the Group of 77 and China, 
called on all member states to ratify the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol. He 
emphasized developed countries' responsibility to make deeper emissions 
cuts, noted the need to increase financial support, technology transfer and 
capacity building, and urged more North-South, South-South and triangular 
cooperation. He stressed the UNFCCC as the appropriate forum for reaching a 
global consensus and said the Bali conference in December 2007 should 
produce a clear timeframe and a plan to reach an agreement on a post-2012 
framework.

Portugal, for the European Union (EU), noted the EU's unilateral 
commitment to cut emissions by 20 percent by 2020 compared with 1990 levels,

and its willingness to cut emissions by up to 30 percent if other developed 
countries made comparable commitments. He supported extending the carbon 
market, increased cooperation on technology research and transfer, 
addressing emissions from international aviation and maritime transport, and

reducing emissions from deforestation. He said the EU's goal of restricting 
overall global mean surface temperatures to 2°C or less means global 
emissions should peak within 15 years. He stressed the importance of 
absolute emissions reduction commitments and the need for developed 
countries to take the lead. Finally, he said the Bali conference should 
result in agreement on the need for a new multilateral regime by 2009.

Uganda, for the African Group, urged strengthening the 
Adaptation Fund and supported an open and transparent process in striving 
for a multilateral agreement. He stressed climate change as a sustainable 
development issue, underscored the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol process as the 
appropriate forum for discussion, and expressed concerns at attempts to link

this issue too closely to issues of security or governance.

Belize, on behalf of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), urged 
developed and emerging developing countries to agree on a strong mitigation 
framework. He noted with concern the absence of CDM activities in the 
Caribbean and also stressed the importance of action on adaptation.

Grenada, on behalf of for the Alliance of Small Island States 
(AOSIS), stressed the needs of small island developing states, the potential

role of private financing, and the expansion of risk insurance funds.

Benin, for the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), urged improved 
access to the CDM, and greater consideration to the needs of the LDCs with 
regards to emergency response measures. He urged developed countries to meet

their obligations under various multilateral agreements to support LDCs, 
including in adapting to climate change.

The US emphasized his country's commitment to the UNFCCC and to 
an approach recognizing the fundamental connections of energy security, 
climate change and sustainable development. He outlined domestic actions, 
including steps to reduce the economy's greenhouse gas intensity, cutting 
gasoline consumption, and cooperating on clean technologies.

The Russian Federation advocated the consolidation of efforts of 
all countries, without exception. Kuwait opposed setting commitments or 
targets for developing countries, stating that developed countries must meet

their commitments under the UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol.

The UK characterized climate change as a shared dilemma that 
demands actions by all, recognizing the principle of common but 
differentiated responsibilities. He stressed the need for developed 
countries to take the lead and for developing countries to take action also,

with support and assistance from the North.

China emphasized the need to address unsustainable patterns of 
consumption and the need for clean technology development and transfer. He 
drew attention to China's new National Climate Change Programme. This 
Programme includes several goals for 2010, including: a 20 percent reduction

of energy consumption per unit of GDP; raising the share of renewables 
(including large-scale hydropower) to 10 percent; stabilizing industrial 
emissions of nitrous oxide at 2005 levels; and increasing forest cover to 20

percent of the country. He suggested that, while the world has focused on 
China's total emissions, it has not recognized the fact that China has 1.3 
billion people and relatively low per capita emissions. He urged cooperation

to achieve "win-win" solutions.

India said environmental concerns should not become 
conditionalities that hinder growth in developing countries. He said the 
concept of large developing country emitters does not exist in the UNFCCC or

any other UN agreement, and developed countries should not try to "export 
the problem" of climate change given their historical responsibilities. He 
stressed the low per capita emissions in countries such as India.

Ukraine highlighted the role of Joint Implementation and 
supported a longer commitment period. He suggested bringing together and 
systematizing the various multilateral environmental agreements. Trinidad 
and Tobago urged completion of negotiations on the Adaptation Fund and said 
the adaptation needs of small island developing states must be prioritized.

Japan said all major emitters must participate in a new 
framework, thus moving beyond the Kyoto Protocol. He said a new framework 
must be flexible and diverse, taking into account each country's 
circumstances. He added that Japan would extend wide-ranging support to 
countries that can agree with this approach and would develop a new 
mechanism to provide long-term support to developing countries.

Germany noted the EU's ambitious agenda and his country's 
willingness to go even further by cutting emissions by up to 40% by 2020. He

also drew attention to the significant employment creation benefits from 
various energy and climate change projects.

Australia highlighted the announcement of its cap-and-trade 
emissions trading system in July 2007 and said it would set a long-term 
aspirational goal in 2008. He supported an international framework that 
includes all major emitters and allows for flexibility. He also highlighted 
initiatives at the regional and bilateral levels. New Zealand supported 
agreement on a Bali roadmap and a post-2012 outcome that includes factors 
such as deforestation and a technology component.

Sweden said a future regime should be effective, fair and 
comprehensive, intensify action under the Convention, and give a high 
priority to adaptation, with industrialized countries assisting developing 
countries in this regard. She added that a future regime should recognize 
that developing countries are already making important contributions to 
tackling climate change and that their further engagement will be part of 
the overall effort in limiting and reducing emissions.

Brazil said developing countries should not be expected to take 
on commitments now but that incentives should be provided for them to take 
on actions and initiatives suited to their national circumstances. He noted 
Brazil's proposal relating to deforestation and its successful 30-year 
experience with biofuels. He added that different countries bear different 
levels of responsibility for the problem and should approach the 
negotiations accordingly. Cuba expressed concerns at the "troubling" US 
strategy, suggesting that it may compromise global food security.

Switzerland stressed community resilience to natural disasters 
and the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. He also noted the relevance of

the UN reform process on global environmental governance. Iceland noted work

towards a sustainable hydrogen society and the potential for geothermal 
energy in many developing countries.

El Salvador stressed the importance of a multi-stakeholder 
approach to tackling climate change. The Czech Republic supported ambitious 
commitments for the next commitment period and support by the North for 
developing countries. Malaysia stressed the need for a strong technology 
component in a future agreement. Guatemala raised issues of avoided 
deforestation, linkages between climate and biodiversity protection, and 
ecosystem services.

Chile said the Bali conference should result in a roadmap and 
the establishment of a preparatory committee with high-level representation 
that is open to all parties and encourages NGO and private sector 
participation. He said the process should result in industrialized countries

taking on stronger targets and commitments by developing countries to adopt 
national policies to combat climate change. The process should conclude at a

world leaders' summit in early 2010.

Norway noted the broad consensus that the future agreement 
should be firmly anchored in the UNFCCC, and noted its activities on carbon 
capture and storage. Saudi Arabia said mitigation actions must not lead to 
market distortions that disrupt energy supplies or block development. He 
expressed concern that oil exporting developing countries are negatively 
impacted both by climate change and the response measures meant to address 
climate change. Israel emphasized the role of private investment funds and 
noted its work on renewables, with 75 percent of households already using 
solar power for water heating. Denmark noted its "pioneering role" in 
renewable energy and energy efficiency. Iran highlighted linkages with 
desertification.

Tuvalu urged a new legal instrument under the UNFCCC that would 
allow developing countries to take on voluntary commitments and would 
include incentives. Bangladesh was encouraged by the G8 goal of at least 
halving emissions by 2050, urged all major emitters to work together on 
global targets for the short-, medium- and long-term, stressed that 
industrialized countries must take the lead, and raised the issue of 
environmental refugees. Tanzania urged more CDM projects in Africa.

South Africa proposed a Bali roadmap to provide momentum and a 
negotiating framework for the next two years. This roadmap would outline a 
clear programme of work with a view to concluding a deal by the end of 2009.

He suggested that a package deal would need to strike a balance between five

key areas: adaptation; mitigation; managing the unintended consequences of 
policies and measures on other countries' economies; technology development,

diffusion and commercialization; and means of implementation, including 
capacity building, financing and awareness. With regards to mitigation, he 
proposed more ambitious and legally-binding targets for all developed 
countries under the Kyoto Protocol, and "enhanced and incentivized 
mitigation actions" by developing countries under the UNFCCC. In this 
context, he indicated that the current "Convention-track" dialogue should be

converted into a "meaningful negotiating framework."

CLOSE OF THE MEETING: In her concluding remarks, General 
Assembly President Sheikha Haya Rashed Al Khalifa thanked participants for 
ensuring a successful event. She highlighted speeches outlining the many 
ongoing national activities, as well as comments on the UNFCCC's key role, 
the clear and compelling science, the need for industrialized countries to 
set more ambitious targets and the importance of support for developing 
countries to assist them in doing more on climate change. She also noted the

need for a clear political vision for the future, the gender dimension, the 
particular needs of LDCs and SIDS, the role of the private sector, the 
broader development agenda and the relevance of climate change to the MDGs. 
Indicating that a summary of the debate would be circulated shortly, she 
closed the meeting at 6:45 pm on Thursday, 2 August.

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